一、球阀
1、 Ball valve
球阀，启闭件（球体）由阀杆带动，并绕球阀轴线作旋转运动的阀门。
Ball valve, a valve whose opening and closing parts (ball) are driven by the valve stem and rotate around the axis of the ball valve.
特点：
characteristic:
1、耐磨：由于硬密封球阀的阀芯是合金钢喷焊，密封圈是合金钢堆焊，所以硬密封球阀在开关时不会产生太大的磨损。（它的硬度系数为65-70）：
1. Wear resistance: since the core of hard seal ball valve is alloy steel spray welding and the seal ring is alloy steel surfacing, hard seal ball valve will not have too much wear when opening and closing. (Its hardness coefficient is 65-70):
2、密封性能好：由于硬密封球阀的密封是采用人工研磨，直到阀芯与密封圈完全吻合才能使用。所以他的密封性能是可靠的。
2. Good sealing performance: since the hard seal ball valve is sealed by manual grinding, it cannot be used until the valve core and the seal ring are completely matched. Therefore, its sealing performance is reliable.
3、开关轻：由于硬密封球阀的密封圈底部采用弹簧使密封圈与阀芯紧紧抱在一起，所以在外界力量超过弹簧的预紧力时开关非常轻。
3. Light switch: because the bottom of the seal ring of the hard seal ball valve uses a spring to tightly hold the seal ring and the valve core together, the switch is very light when the external force exceeds the pre tightening force of the spring.
4、使用寿命长：已广泛应用于石油、化工、发电、造纸、原子能、航空、火箭等各部门，以及人们日常生活中。
4. Long service life: it has been widely used in petroleum, chemical industry, power generation, paper making, atomic energy, aviation, rocket and other sectors, as well as in people's daily life.
优点：
advantage:
1、流体阻力小，其阻力系数与同长度的管段相等。
1. The fluid resistance is small, and its resistance coefficient is equal to that of pipe sections with the same length.
2、结构简单、体积小、重量轻。
2. Simple structure, small volume and light weight.
3、紧密可靠，且球阀的密封面材料广泛使用塑料、密封性好，在真空系统中也已广泛使用。
3. It is tight and reliable, and the sealing surface material of the ball valve is widely made of plastic, with good sealing performance. It has also been widely used in the vacuum system.
4、操作方便，开闭迅速，从全开到全关只要旋转90°，便于远距离的控制。
4. It is easy to operate and can be opened and closed quickly. Only 90 ° rotation is required from full opening to full closing, which is convenient for remote control.
5、维修方便，球阀结构简单，密封圈一般都是活动的，拆卸更换都比较方便。
5. It is easy to maintain, the ball valve is simple in structure, the sealing ring is generally movable, and it is convenient to remove and replace.
6、适用范围广，通径从小到几毫米，大到几米，高真空或高压力都可应用。
6. It is applicable to a wide range of applications, ranging from a few millimeters to several meters in diameter, and can be applied to high vacuum or high pressure.
二、闸阀
2、 Gate valve
（一）明杆闸阀：转动手轮，通过手轮与阀杆的螺纹的进、退，提升或下降与阀杆连接的阀板，达到开启和关闭的作用。
（1） Rising stem gate valve: turn the handwheel to open and close the valve plate connected with the valve stem through the advance and retreat of the thread between the handwheel and the valve stem, and lift or lower the valve plate connected with the valve stem.
明杆闸阀具有以下优点：
Rising stem gate valve has the following advantages:
1、流体阻力小 , 密封面受介质的冲刷和侵蚀小。
1. The fluid resistance is small, and the sealing surface is less scoured and eroded by the medium.
2、开闭较省力。
2. It is easier to open and close.
3、介质流向不受限制 , 不扰流、不降低压力。
3. The flow direction of the medium is not restricted, the flow is not disturbed and the pressure is not reduced.
4、形体简单 , 结构长度短，制造工艺性好，适用范围广。
4. Simple shape, short structure length, good manufacturing process and wide application range.
明杆闸阀的缺点如下：
The disadvantages of rising stem gate valve are as follows:
1、密封面之间易引起冲蚀和擦伤，维修比较困难。
1. Erosion and abrasion are easily caused between sealing surfaces, and maintenance is relatively difficult.
2、外形尺寸较大，开启需要一定的空间，开闭时间长。
2. The overall dimension is large, opening requires a certain space, and the opening and closing time is long.
3、结构较复杂。
3. The structure is complex.

（二）暗杆闸阀：又叫旋转杆闸阀 ( 亦叫暗杆楔式闸阀)。阀杆螺母设在闸板上，手轮转动带动阀杆转动 , 而使闸板提升，通常在阀杆的底端有梯形螺纹，通过阀门底端的螺纹以及阀瓣上的导槽，将旋转运动变为直线运动，也就是将操作转矩变为操作推力。
（2） Non rising stem gate valve: also called rotary stem gate valve (also called non rising stem wedge gate valve). The valve stem nut is set on the gate, and the handwheel rotates to drive the valve stem to rotate, thus lifting the gate. Generally, there is a trapezoidal thread at the bottom of the valve stem. Through the thread at the bottom of the valve and the guide groove on the valve disc, the rotary motion is changed into linear motion, that is, the operating torque is changed into the operating thrust.
三、蝶阀：蝶阀又叫翻板阀，是一种结构简单的调节阀，可用于低压管道介质的开关控制的蝶阀是指关闭件（阀瓣或蝶板）为圆盘，围绕阀轴旋转来达到开启与关闭的一种阀。
3、 Butterfly valve: also known as flap valve, it is a kind of regulating valve with simple structure. The butterfly valve that can be used for switching control of low pressure pipeline medium refers to a valve whose closing piece (disc or butterfly plate) is a disc and rotates around the valve axis to open and close.
四、截止阀：止回阀是指依靠介质本身流动而自动开、闭阀瓣，用来防止介质倒流的阀门，又称逆止阀、单向阀、逆流阀、和背压阀。止回阀属于一种自动阀门，其主要作用是防止介质倒流、防止泵及驱动电动机反转，以及容器介质的泄放。
4、 Stop valve: check valve refers to the valve that automatically opens and closes the valve clack depending on the flow of the medium itself to prevent the backflow of the medium, also known as check valve, one-way valve, backflow valve and back pressure valve. The check valve belongs to an automatic valve, which is mainly used to prevent the backflow of medium, prevent the reverse rotation of pump and drive motor, and discharge the container medium.
五、阀：阀是启闭件受外力作用下处于常闭状态，当设备或管道内的介质压力升高超过规定值时，通过向系统外排放介质来防止管道或设备内介质压力超过规定数值的特殊阀门。阀属于自动阀类，主要用于锅炉、压力容器和管道上，控制压力不超过规定值，对人身和设备运行起重要保护作用。
5、 Safety valve: safety valve is a special valve that is normally closed under the action of external forces on the opening and closing parts. When the medium pressure in the equipment or pipeline rises beyond the specified value, it prevents the medium pressure in the pipeline or equipment from exceeding the specified value by discharging medium outside the system. Safety valves are automatic valves, mainly used in boilers, pressure vessels and pipelines. The control pressure does not exceed the specified value, which plays an important role in protecting personal safety and equipment operation.
六、低泄高封阀：低泄高封阀的作用：是为了防止系统由于驱动气体泄漏的累积而引起系统的误动作而在管路中设置的阀门。它安装在系统启动管路上，正常情况下处于开启状态，只有在进口压力达到设定压力时才关闭，其主要作用是排除由于气源泄漏积
6、 Low discharge and high sealing valve: the function of low discharge and high sealing valve is to prevent the system from misoperation due to the accumulation of drive gas leakage. It is installed on the startup pipeline of the system, which is normally open. It is closed only when the inlet pressure reaches the set pressure. Its main function is to eliminate the accumulation due to air source leakage
七、减压阀
7、 Pressure reducing valve
（一）比例减压阀：导阀的开启都是利用顶部的调节螺栓顺时针方向拧动，使弹簧缩产生的弹力，使导阀膜片向下凹陷，作用在导阀连杆上的力，使之向下位移打开导阀。当导阀开启后，上游进汽管段A腔的蒸汽通过α通道（供汽调节通道），经过导阀进入导阀环形汽腔，由β通道直接送到下面的活塞汽缸上腔。在A腔蒸汽不断的供给下，压力持续升高，推动活塞下行打开主阀，这时蒸汽源源不断从A腔流B腔。当下游出口管段B腔负荷满足的情况下，余多的蒸汽又使B腔内的压力不断升高。不断升高的压力通过γ通道（压力感应通道）反馈到导阀膜片下腔，使导阀膜片向上突起，克服了上部调节弹簧的压力，导阀被关小或关闭。从而，关小或关闭来自上游α通道的蒸汽源。当活塞汽缸上腔压力下降时，在下面复位弹簧的作用下，主阀被关小或关闭，这时B腔内的压力开始下降，这样周而复始达到调压的目的。
（1） Proportional reducing valve: the pilot valve is opened by screwing the adjusting bolt at the top clockwise to make the spring shrink and make the pilot valve diaphragm sag downward. The force acting on the pilot valve connecting rod makes it move downward to open the pilot valve. When the pilot valve is opened, the steam in cavity A of upstream steam inlet pipe section passes through α The channel (steam supply regulating channel) enters the pilot valve annular steam chamber through the pilot valve β The passage is directly sent to the upper chamber of the piston cylinder below. With the constant supply of steam in chamber A, the pressure continues to rise, pushing the piston downward to open the main valve, and at this time, the steam continuously flows from chamber A to chamber B. When the load of cavity B in the downstream outlet pipe section is satisfied, the excess steam makes the pressure in cavity B rise continuously. Increasing pressure through γ The channel (pressure sensing channel) feeds back to the lower chamber of the pilot valve diaphragm, making the pilot valve diaphragm bulge upward, overcoming the pressure of the upper regulating spring, and the pilot valve is turned down or closed. Thus, turn down or turn off from upstream α Steam source of the channel. When the pressure in the upper chamber of the piston cylinder drops, the main valve is turned down or closed under the action of the lower return spring. At this time, the pressure in chamber B starts to drop, so that the purpose of pressure regulation can be achieved repeatedly.
（二）直接式减压阀：直接作用弹簧薄膜式减压阀直接作用弹簧薄膜式减压阀主要由调节弹簧、膜片、活塞、阀座、阀瓣等零件组成。利用膜片直接传感下游压力驱动阀瓣，控制阀瓣开度完成减压稳压功能。
（2） Direct pressure reducing valve: Direct acting spring diaphragm pressure reducing valve Direct acting spring diaphragm pressure reducing valve is mainly composed of adjusting spring, diaphragm, piston, valve seat, valve clack and other parts. The diaphragm directly senses the downstream pressure to drive the valve disc, and controls the opening of the valve disc to complete the function of pressure reduction and stabilization.
（三）先导式稳压减压阀：先导式减压阀是采用控制阀体内的启闭件的开度来调节介质的流量，将介质的压力降低，同时借助阀后压力的作用调节启闭件的开度，使阀后压力保持在一定范围内，在进口压力不断变化的情况下，保持出口压力在设定的范围内，保护其后的生活生产器具。
（3） Pilot pressure stabilizing and reducing valve: The pilot pressure reducing valve regulates the flow of medium by controlling the opening of the opening and closing parts in the valve body to reduce the pressure of the medium. At the same time, the opening of the opening and closing parts is adjusted by virtue of the effect of the pressure behind the valve to keep the pressure behind the valve within a certain range. In the case of constant changes in the inlet pressure, the outlet pressure is kept within the set range to protect the subsequent living and production appliances.
八、浮球阀：浮漂始终都要漂在水上，当水面上涨时，浮漂也跟着上升。漂上升就带动连杆也上升。连杆与另一端的阀门相连，当上升到一定位置时，连杆支起橡胶活塞垫，封闭水源。当水位下降时，浮漂也下降，连杆又带动活塞垫开启。
8、 Float valve: The float always floats on the water. When the water surface rises, the float also rises. When the float rises, the connecting rod will also rise. The connecting rod is connected to the valve at the other end. When it rises to a certain position, the connecting rod supports the rubber piston pad to seal the water source. When the water level drops, the float also drops, and the connecting rod drives the piston pad to open.
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